Apa Itu Disinfeksi Dan Bagaimana Metodenya ?
Apa itu disinfeksi dan bagaimana metodenya ?
Disinfeksi merupakan tahapan kritis dalam proses pengolahan air minum. Disinfeksi dimaksudkan untuk membunuh atau menginaktifkan mikroorganisme patogen dalam air tersebut. Bakteri patogen penting yang sering dijumpai di dalam air minum adalah Salmonella, Shigella, E.Coli enterotoksigenik, Campylobacter, Vibro dan Yersinia. Persyaratan air minum telah ditetapkan bahwa kandungan bakteri koliform maupun E.Coli harus 0 per 100 ml.
Metode disinfeksi yang sejak bertahun-tahun telah diterapkan pada instalasi pengolahan air adalah disinfeksi menggunakan kaporit atau klor (klorinasi).
Meskipun klorinasi sangat efektif untuk disinfeksi air minum karena sangat sederhana dan biaya murah, tetapi klorinasi dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan secara tidak langsung. Hal itu akibat dari efek produk samping disinfeksi (disinfection byproducts), yaitu senyawa-senyawa yang terbentuk jika klorin bereaksi dengan bahan-bahan organik secara alami terdapat di dalam air atau senyawa-senyawa hasil dekomposisi vegetasi atau hewan. Tipikal produk samping disinfeksi di negara maju (misalnya USA) yang telah ditetapkan batas maksimum konsentrasinya adalah senyawa trihalometana (CHCL3), yaitu senyawa karsinogenetik atau senyawa yang memicu kanker. Sejalan dengan perkembangan zaman , yakni era industri dan era telematika telah bergeser ke era human life, isu kesehatan terutama usaha preventif/pencegahan penyakit (bukan pengobatan) menjadi topik yang sangat penting, klorinasi air minum yang semula dianggap sebagai “obat dewa” dalam disinfeksi air minum mulai ditenggarai bahayanya. Studi pada inaktivasi mikroorganisme baru-baru ini selain pada mikroba-mikroba patogen difokuskan pada usaha pencegahan/minimisasi timbulnya produk samping dan juga pada usaha optimasi biaya pengolahan.
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Disinfeksi air merupakan pembunuhan atau menginaktifkan mikroorganisme di dalam air tersebut. Dalam air minum telah ditetapkan batas :
- Bakteri koliform dan E.Coli : 0/100 ml
- Jumlah koloni : ≤ 100/ml.
Apabila terjadi peningkatan jumlah mikroorganisme secara mendadak dan drastis di dalam air baku atau dalam jaringan distribusi, harus segera dilakukan pencarian lokasi terjadinya kontaminasi. Selain itu,usaha-usaha untuk mengatasinya perlu dilakukan.
sumber : IPBPress (Teknologi Proses Pengolahan Air)
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